Coding and recording system



3 Sheets-Sheet l Filed Deo. 16, 1949 L w? 2 IY R, R @A Rn .11H2 Mw ,In P/ -f ,n m7/ Pm p L E v R A 9 m a .w WMF. F yum w mFR o 4P 1 H w R 0 nam-Ummm ,m C. X e 3, w Y n 1 6 M P w R E N s 4 w E e mf m Mo T A E SL P Mm N S m 0 s L ...YQ s j E A wm w W A w) N s J w Rw mn.. c E E vf H S P M mw n U M wp Wn MP mw w R S L S S (Sr rwefwkw Jamai Johy/zak I u Filed Dec. 1e, 1949 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 May 1 1, 1954 J. scHENcK 2,678,254

' CODING AND RECORDING SYSTEM Filed Dec. 16, 1949 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 IN1/avro@ EK James Jake/cle BJ M4419 :0N u mk. Arme/vin? Patented May 1l, 1954 UNITED STATES RATENT OFFICE 13 Claims.

This invention relates to a method andY improved apparatus for translating one or more single valued functions of time into discrete representations in the form of electrical quantities. These-.discrete electrical quantities can beutilized to Veffect corresponding discrete representations ona recording medium or can be used directly to operate receiving apparatus which can reconstruct the time function. It will necessarily foll`oW` that a recordcontaining these discrete representations'can also be used to operate suitable conversion apparatus for the purpose of reconstructing the -original time function. One of the primary phases of the invention resides in the provision of the novel methodof recording time functions and in the novel record, per se. Another aspect of the invention resides in the provision of a novel coder circuit which can be used in recording or in the direct transmission of intelligence, or any other time function.

For the purpose of brevity, the term signal is used hereinafter to denote any singlev valued function of time. Typical signals which may be recorded by the present method and/or transmitted by the apparatus are complex Wave forms such as those encountered in speech, music, sounds, mechanical vibrations, and Video signals including television and facsimile transmission. Other examples of typical signals are the time responses of electrical measuring instruments such as microphones, tachometers, and the like.

Heretofore most; types oi recording systems have-'been subject to the disadvantage of distortion and noise associated with the recording and reproducing process and also subject to noise and distortion which is inherent in the record medium; Non-linearities and irregularities in the record materials and in the recording and reproducing transducers generate a characteristic distortion and noiseA which is superimposed on and in many cases is inseparable from the signal. The'fact that in general these distortions are large for large amplitude signals, and that the signal-to-noise ratio is relatively low ior small amplitude signals, determines a usually severe limitation of the amplitude range of the recording. Another common objection to most types of recording systems using nlm, tape, or Wire, is thatY the signal is recorded on the medium in such away that'the time axis of the record corresponds to a single axis along the record in. its direction of movement. rhis requires that the record material move sufciently fast with respect to the recording or reproducing transducers so that the fastest variation in the amplitude is distinguishable. This entails the useof considerable length of record material and adds to the cost and inconvenience of. recording and reproduction.

Accordingly, the primary object of the present invention is to provide a novel recording method and apparatus which overcomes the above named disadvantages and provides very faithful and low-noise'. reproduction.

Another object is tovprovide such a novel recording method and apparatus in Which optimum utilization of recording medium area is afforded and where the record can be runat a relatively lovvl speed.

Another object is to provide a novel recording method in which the signal is translated into discrete representations in the form of electrical quantities corresponding to the values of the' signals'at discrete points on the time axis', discrete representations of the electrical quantities being recordedV on' a recording medium.

Another Objectis to provide a novel method of recording a signal in which an instantaneous amplitude ofthe signaliis'translated into discrete representations inthe' form of a code group of electrical quantitiesvvhich are utilized to eiiect corresponding discrete representations on, or in, ai recording medium.

Another objeci-J is to provide a novel record of a signal in the form of discrete representations of code groups which correspond to the instantaneous values of amplitude of the signal.

Another object is to provide a novel record oi intelligence in the form of 'discrete representations of components of the intelligence signal expressed in a positional number system and particularly in a binary number system where the discrete representations correspond to the values of the digits of numbers and which, by their presence or absence, can be translated into electrical quantities indicating a digit of unit or zero value, respectively.

Another object is to translate a series of discrete representations corresponding to the amplitude of a complex wave at a given instant of time into a discrete representation in the form of an electrical quantity having a value which is a function of the amplitude of the original complex Wave at the corresponding instant of time.

Another object is to provide an improved` method and system for' the rapid representation oi' the instantaneous amplitude of complex Waves by permutation codegroups of pulses in an improvedand simplified manner.

Another object is to provide an improved system for rapidly and continuously translating a signal into discrete permutation code groups of electrical impulses representing instantaneous values of the signal, the electrical impulses being utilizable in reconversion apparatus in such a manner that the reconversion apparatus will reconstruct faithfully the original signal.

A still further object is to provide an improved coder in which an amplitude comparator element is used to initiate generation of code pulses and in which the amplitude comparator element operates in cooperation with a substracting element, an amplifying element, a delay element, and sequence control elements in order to repeatedly transform and circulate a sample of the signal through the amplitude comparator element for the purpose of generating an arbitrary number of code pulses representing the amplitude of the signal sample.

Another object is to provide a novel method of recording a function of time in which, instead of attemptingr to produce a record of all the values of the function, a plurality of discrete instantaneous values of the function are translated into permutation code groups on the recording medium in such a way as to realize efiicient utilization of the area of the recording medium while obtaining optimum fidelity of reproduction and reduced speed or travel of the medium, within the limits of the resolving power of the medium.

A still further object is to provide such a novel system of recording described immediately above, in which a plurality of signals may be simultaneously recorded or reproduced while maintaining substantially the original time and phase relationship between the signals.

An important specific object of the present invention is to provide means of recording a signal in such a way that upon reproduction the record moves relatively very slowly past the reproducing transducer as compared to the speeds of the records in common methods of reproduction, by recording the signal along segments which are aligned in a direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of record travel, the signal track being interrupted at the end of each segment and continued on the adjacent segment.

By way of illustration it is helpful to make a comparison as an example between the Variable width method of sound recording on nlm and one simplified version of the code system in accordance with the present invention in which a single code group is impressed along a line perpendicular to the direction of travel of the film. This code group will represent the amplitude value of the original signal at a certain instant of time. The amplitude of the signal at succeeding instants of time will be represented by succeeding code groups arranged in lines parallel to the rst and also perpendicular to the direction of the recording medium. It is evident that the minimum width of this track will depend upon the resolution of the recording medium and the number of codes chosen to make up the code group.

In the case of variable width sound-on-iilm recording, the instantaneous width of the sound track is a proportional measure of the instantaneous amplitude of the signal. The maximum width of the track will correspond to the maximum amplitude of the signal, and the minimum amount of film which must be made available for the sound track will be set by the resolution of the nim and the amplitude range and fidelity requirements of the signal. Because of the limit of resolution and the granularity of the film, there will be a certain limit on the smallest detectable increment of signal amplitude. The width of the track must therefore be sufcient to indicate as many of these smallest increments of signal amplitude as are necessary to give a predetermined iidelity of reproduction of the entire amplitude range of the original signal.

In the case of the code method, the width of the track is constant, since it consists of a code group of a xed number of permutation codes, Since the number of permutation codes which are required is determined by the number of the different smallest detectable increments of signal amplitude, the minimum width of nlm which must be made available for the code sound track, just as for the variable width method, will be set by the amplitude range and fidelity requirements of the original signal. There is, however, an important difference between these two methods as described. Whereas in the variable width method it would be necessary to double the width of the sound track in order to double the amplitude range of the recorded signal, in the code method it is merely necessary to add one more code to the permutation codes of the code groups, In other words, if the amplitude range of the signal indicated the use of, say, ten codes per code group, this amplitude range could be doubled through the use of one more, or eleven, codes per code group; at the cost of only ten per cent increase in track width. One might verify this fact by thinking of the code group as a binary number. Let n be the number of codes per code group. Then the maximum number of representable amplitude values equals 2n. If we add one more code, We would write 2+1. But 2"+1==2 2, or twice as many amplitude values.

So far this comparison has been concerned only with the single dimension of track Width. In order to have criteria for the comparison oi the two methods with respect to a given amount of film area, it is necessary also to consider the question of track length. In regard to the variable width method, it will be helpful to consider the sound track as being composed of a large number of elements of area. Let such elements be parallel bars arranged side-by-side, separated from one another by a distance equal to the width of the bar, and having a direction perpendicular to the direction of track travel. The maximum number of bars per unit track length will be lobtained by letting the distance between adjacent bars equal the resolving power of the nlm.

It is now possible to determine a relationship, with respect to lm economy, between the variable width method and the code method; because a code group may be though of as an elementary bar of codes whose length is determined by the number of codes per code group and whose minimum separation is equal to the resolving power of the nlm.

Therefore, the only other point that need be considered is the respective number of elementary lines so arranged in a sound track for a given recording or reproducing time, or playing time, for the variable width sound track and for the code sound track. It can be shown that this number is the same for both methods.

t is evident, then, that these two methods so compared are essentially alike in respect to film economy, except that a greater amplitude range may be secured in the code method because a .agar/spec "signal amplitude is lvindicatedlnot Lby'tha. length of an elementary line, but by thexipermutation of points, or codes, within an...elementary line.

The important 'feature of the code method in 'regard to iilmcconomy isthe--easewith which such a method is adaptable tothearrangement of a plurality of.:.code+groupspalong a line of length much greater than .the -width of anordi- 'nary sound track :and thereby achieve' the most eicient use Aof an area of recording medium of almost arbitrary dimensions. vThus therecord widthhere is'notlimited to the'usual'small di `mension of the-sound track Width. TheY record maybe many .times wider,` consequently requiring .a much shorterlength vof record. A'particular aspect `of the invention may be'vconsidered as the solution of the yproblem of recording sound on the conventional 35mm. lm while at the same time making the most eicient use of `every .square millimeter of the film. A different way oi?A saying this 'is .that the invention contains a .solution of the problem of `widening the "sound track in order to achieve a proportionate reduction in the length ,of the track.

Brieily, .in accordance with the present invenn tion .a method and apparatus .are provided for .generating control pulses of a predetermined `present invention toy use .a positional number system to-any desired base, preferbly the inven' tion contemplatesa system in which the amplitude of thecomplex Waveiunction. may be eX# pressed .or represented by .a binary number which lends itself to a system in which the` individual digits in thepositional system may bemepresented by a unit Value or a .zero value. In other words, the presence or absence oa codeelement at a point with respect .to otherelements of the code will represent a definite value. Consequently, the receiver or conversion .apparatus need only be capable of distinguishing between two signal conditions to `permit faithful.. trans- .mission or reproduction of Vthe r.complex Wave.

In this way a low signal-to-noise ratio can be .anticipated in the recordingI .and reproduction process so long as. the presence oithe quantities representing the unit-values of z'the binary .code is distinguishable.

. Itwill be readily apparent tothose skilled in thefartthat the system used herein may be. utilized to .transmit intelligence froma transmitter .terminal element toa-receiver or'other -recon- .version terminal apparatus' directly, orpalternatively, the permutation code group can be used `to operate reconversion apparatus.

Specically,the invention contemplatesaa novel `recording and-reproducingsystem which carries out the following steps: first; the signal is sampled by measuring its amplitude value at recurring time intervals; secondly, these amplitude values are `transformed into code 'groups of a chosen number of codes; whichfcode groups represent the amplitudeof thesamples inl terms ofibinary numbers where each .code representsfthe v.value of va diierent digit (thismethod':beingv commonly known Aas binary coding) Vthirdlypgroupsoffcode ligroups,A` each `codegroup representing ax particu'- lar-sample, are recorded in timel sequence transversely ofaiilm, or Ysome other recording medium; along parallel lines which areperpendicular to the direction of travel of the recording medium. For example, if l0 codes are 1 chosen to represent every sample,and it'is desired'to record 10 consecutive samples alonga single line transversely of the film, .then this line wouldzconsist of codes (or dots),presence orabsence o1 a .discrete representation of a code being determinative of value. When many samples ofthe signal are taken, they are printed sequentially in a like manner along adjacent parallel lines transversely of the iiim. Since a system of on-oil' recording is provided, minor variations of the exact positioning of the dots and density repre'- senting codes have no .inuence whatsoever on the accuracy or faithfulness of reproduction.

Let it be understood thatA the description in the preceding paragraph is made simple and specific for the sake of illustration, and that many variations are possible within the spirit and scope of this invention. For example, itis not essential that the code groups be printed along straight parallel lines. `What is essential is that the code groups be recorded according to an arrangement which makes efcient use of the total area of a recording medium. Means may be provided whereby code groups are arranged-along adjacent arcs whose tangents at the midpoints are substantially perpendicular to the direction of film travel. It should also be understood-that the plurality of codes in .each code group which represents an amplitude value of a sample of the signal -may depend upon a positional number system of a base other than two. What is essential is that, havingchosen to represent successive amplitudes of'signal samples in accordance'with a positional number system expressible in the form AnBn-I-An-iBn-+An-2B" 2-{ +A0B0 that the coenicents of this series be recorded in a manner which is substantially independent of the linearity or precise operation of the recording'process. The binary number system is immediately adaptable to sucha scheme since each `of the coefficients An to An have only two possible values, and these values may be represented as the presence or absence of, say, the blackening of a small area of nlm at aposition on the film so determined as to correspond to a particular coemcient.

In order-that a clearer understanding of the operation of the present invention may be had, the instant coder circuit will first be described in terms of three.elenientsrepresenting the principal operating components of the detail coder circuit to be laterV described..v These three components v.comprise a switch, an operator device, anda delay device, the switch and the operator being connected in .series between input and output terminals; the input signal being designated the signal coupledv between the switch and the operator being designated B. and the output being designated GL An additional output signal `from the operator, designated D, is coupled back into the input to the switch throughthe delay,

ltheserectangular pulses, or codes, of Vthewave :for-n1 G- have :only two possiblevalues. One of The these two values is equal to zero, the other 'value -lcall it V) being whatever is suitable for the purpose of recording or transmission. For each pulse of the wave form S there is generated a group of n consecutive rectangular' pulses, called a code group. The amplitude of each pulse of the code group may be either or V. The coder, then, is a device which transforms pulse ainplitude into pulse code.

The means of operation of the present novel coder device may be understood by considering the transformation in the coder of one particular pulse of the waveform S into corresponding train of n pulses of the waveform G. This transformation may be most simply worked out in terms of the three cooperating elements: Switch, Operator, and Delay. First it is necessary to explain the operation of each element separately.

The Switch connects S to B at the correct time and just long enough for the pulse under consideration to get to the operator. After the Switch has performed this function it disconnects from S and connects R to B. The Switch circuit is sometimes called a gateiy circuit, since it opens or closes gates from S to B and It to B in some predetermined sequence.

The Operator performs according to the following simple formula:

From this formula can be determined the ainplitude of the pulse which the Operator puts out at G and D for any given pulse at B. All the pulses at S, B, G and D during an operation are considered to occur simultaneously. The purpose of the Delay is to delay the pulse at D while these pulses are being generated. After the delay time the pulse at D appears at R and is gated through the Switch to B where the Operator repeats exactly the same function. As each pulse of S is admitted to B it is circulated around the loop B-D-R for n-l times, being transformed by the Operator and generating a pulse of amplitude either 0 or V at G for the first pulse of S and for each circuit thereafter.

As a simple example: let 71:4. Therefore 2":16 and 2"1:8. Suppose S(max):16, then K :1. Substituting these numbers in the above formula governing the performance of the Operator, we find that for Now suppose a pulse of amplitude 6.5 comes in on S and is admitted to B. We say that .8:65. But 6.5 is less than 8, so G=0, and D:2 times B or 13. This pulse at D of amplitude 13 is delayed, then appears at R. where it is switched to B. We now say that B:l3. But 13 is greater than 8 so G:V, and k2 times the quantity 13-8 or 2 times 5 or l0. Now 3:10, but 10 8, so G:V, and k2 108 =4a lNow B:4 8, so G:0.

Now write down the sequence of the four values of the output pulses at G corresponding to the input pulse of amplitude 6.5. These were 0, V, V, 0. The expression for a binary number of four places, or 11,:4, is

A323-1-A222-l-A121-i-A020 Letting V:1 in the sequence of values for G we have the sequence O, V1, 1, 0. These are the values 8 b of the coefficients in the expression for the binary number where A3=0, 112:1, A1=1, Ao=0 Consequently, the number generated by the coder for a pulse of amplitude 6.5 is

which is a measure of the amplitude of the pulse under consideration within the nearest whole number.

An important feature of the present invention consists of sampling and coding of a signal to achieve accurately and precisely the recording of a signal on an area of recording substance rather than along a line in the direction of record travel, the code representation of the signal being of such a nature that it may be disposed over the entire area of the recording medium without interfering with other intelligence that may be therein. The process of sampling renders itself uniquely to the division of the sampled signal in such a way that the signal can be divided and placed at determined positions on a relatively large area of recording material.

rIhe invention itself, however, both as to its organizationand method of operation, together with other objects and features thereof, may be best understood from the following description of an exemplary system embodying the invention when said description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a top plan view of a piece of lm having code groups printed thereon in accordance with the present invention;

Figure 2 shows in diagrammatic form the various elements of an exemplary recording system embodying the present invention and illustrating the manner in which the various component elements cooperate with each other;

Figure 3 shows graphs of the various potential. Wave forms at various places in the recording system shown in Figure 2;

Figure 4 is a diagrammatic showing of a light sensitive screen for reproducing a recorded signal and illustrating more particularly a method of combining the output of a plurality of light sensitive elements, such as phototubes; and

Figure 5 is a schematic circuit diagram of a coding apparatus and recording system embodying the principles of the present invention.

An illustrative embodiment which is to be considered as a specific example of an inventive concept which is limited only by the appended claims, is shown in the drawings. The invention is shown as applied to a novel method of recording because this is one of the important phases of the invention. However, the same system and apparatus could be utilized for the translating o f signals into the coded system, which could be reconstructed in conversion apparatus to reproduce the original signal directly without recording.

Referring more particularly to Figure l, numeral I denotes a fragmentary strip of film along transverse parallel lines on which are printed codes in the form of dots of any desired system, for example, a binary coding system. It will be readily apparent that the codes or dots are spread over substantially the entire area of the film and extend across the entire width. In reproducing the printed signal, inasmuch as the codes either appear or do not appear at predetermined assigned positions, there is provided a strictly on-off recording process, hence small variations in the placement of the codes on the act/.agees of the recording substancewillbecome'imanifest# in the decreased speed at which the lm or other record must move, orf consequently the smaller length of record which is required for a given time'` of recorded signal.

Figure 2 showsa schematic diagram of a coin-"- plete electrical: systeml for codel recording or reproduction' embodyingv the principles of the pres-v ent invention; Referringtuboth/Figures 2 arid 3, let fstb'e the samplingrrateit being under-'f stood that a sampleis afsubstantially instantaneV ous measurement of the amplitude of the signal e shown in Figure The'term amplitude, as referred to hereinafter; denotes a magnitude of Voltage.' The recurrent rate atwhich the .sarnf' plesfare-taken will be referred `to. as'l the sam` 1 pling Arate.

Let n bethe number :of codesI chosenY to' reprev sent a sample of the amplitude o'f the signal-ef A code is dened hereinwas the presence or absence of a discrete representation (such as a printed dot) at a speciiiedtime or place.

Let .the range of the amplitudeof the "signal e:

equal to the maximum amplitude tobe expectedA in any pulse ofy the lsignal S; dividedby 2n.

SwitchesfSun and Swzrepresent the mechaniscal equivalent of an electronic gate; Swi when.

closed serves to-.samplethe signal e at SandSwz whenclosed samples .the 4amplitude of the ,regen` erated pulses at R.L The term "regenerated pulse is used to designate apulse `which has been operated upon bythe codercircuit, and. which has been. prepared for .recirculation in thev coder.A

The. term pulse. usedhereinafter Arefersto a rectangular voltage pulse (Figure 3.), that is, one wherein the voltagedescribes a` rectangle when plotted on a timeaxis. When Swror Swz. closes, it is for a very short time.

l 27m A cycle begins, sayatti-'OL when Swicloses, samplingre.V A delayedre'generated 'pulse then' appears ati R; where it is sampled' atseconds) t :i second n by clos-ingSwz.' Subsequently; another'de'laye'd' regenerated pulselappears' at RI andis' agairr sampled'by closing Swa Altogether; the sample taken-'of eiis circulated nel times,"after"whicli' Swi closes again, taking another "sample'of e at' :l second fr whichfis'again regenerated', andvso on.

The'purpose of the regenerating pulses-i's-` to produce at the output of amplier'I-I, at G, ai train'of pulsesrepresenting a binary num-ber pre;v portion-al to? the'sampled amplitude-"off et" Eacl of thesepulseshasla duration of second4 pulse train consists ofA 1t 'pulses-occurring during.

succeeding intervals of 1 second In other words,V there .is a set `of ori-eff pulsesl arrangedin time sequence representing a binaryY code corresponding lto. every sampled :amplitudevalue Aof e.'

The sweep generator-produces a synchronized stair-step defiection Voltage H of 1Lv steps for on pair of deflection plates of the cathode ray tube. Each step of the sweep is synchronized with a particular coolepulse."

The cathode ray tubeisoperated in-a'conven-` tiona-llnanner.n The beam' isfocused to converge at appoint on the fiuorescent screen.-y The con-l trol-grid is normally biased sothat no beam current flows. Thecodepulses from 4the output `of amplifierII operate von the control' grid; andthe: amplitude V- of these pulses is suncient to per-:-A mit beam-currentto flowfor the duration offthey pulse, thus producing aL fluorescent spot on thev screen..

Since there is a one-.to-one correspondence of.`

thes'teps ofthe sweep voltage to the code-pulses of a pulse .train for every sample of e, each pulse is assigned a fixed .position on thecathode raytube screen, and vat that positioneithera fluorescent spot appears or does-not, depending on Whether the amplitude of that code pulse is Vf or 0, respectively.

In thisV Way there is displayedon the cathode: ray tube screen a single row of n fluorescent spots.

The arrangement-of -the spots, characterized 'by the presenceforabsence off certainI spots at the specified points, identifies the particular sample of e in the `form of Aa Idefinite code. v The arrange.

nient isv in general different for eachfdiierent sample of e. The spot arrangements change'at a rate of ais/second, corresponding to the sampling rate of the coder. 4''heclisplay of spots on the' screen is photographed; by amovingnlmcamera in which the iilm moves at a constant speed suinciently fast to resolvefthe changes in spot arrangement.

It willvbe obvious .to persons'slrilledlin-v the r.art

that .the-usebf a'stairstep :sweep-is not-essen"- It willzalsoA beiobvious that any subrnultipleof the sweep :frequency may be used, -the lresult y being thatnot one .but a: pluralityof codeg-roups are printed` ina line perpendicular to the direction-'of ilmwtraveln A schematic-diagram -of asuitable sweep :circuit is incorporatedA in- Figure 5 -only- 'in order to show more' -clearly'the 'cooperation of such a circuit Withftle coderecordingisystemw Reproduction of the original signal is accomplished, in the casewvhere-the record medium is photographic lin, by means if a photo-electric device. In the simplest case whereonly 'one codegroup is printed per line, an image of the nlm is projected and focused "sothat each code position coincides with a corresponding photo-cell.' For instance," a' ten'code single channel system would require ten photo-cells. The nlm moves at a constant speed such that each code-group is sequentially detectediby the" photo-cells at the frequency of the original sampling rate. The outputsfof the 1photo=cel1sare combined -insucha 11 manner that these combined outputs accurately reproduce the original signal.

Referring more particularly to Figure Ll:

Let m=1, 2 n represent the subscripts or" the photo-cells P1 to Pn and the resistances R1 to R11 through which current from them flows. The Voltage eo, then, is the eiect of the sum of all the currents I1 to In flowing through R1. Then the values of the resistances Rm are chosen so that where F(Pm) for light not falling on Pm and F (Pm) =1 for light falling on Pm In the case where a line contains a large number of code-groups, the film object is projected and focused on the screen of a photo-electric storage device such as an iconoscope. The electron beam or" the iconoscope scans the record image so that the output of the iconoscope is a continuous sequence of codes. This sequence of codes is synthesized into the representative codegroups which are in turn combined to reproduce the original signal. In the same case, the signa-l can be reproduced by an alternative method where the moving spot of a cathode ray tube is focused on the lm and where the light transmited through the nlm is detected by a photou same instant pulses Bo, Co, Do, En and Fo at B, C,

D, E and E', respectively.

The lengthener generates a pulse B0 whose leading edge and amplitude coincide with A0, but whose duration is extended to The discriminator generates a pulse Co at the same time and for the same duration as B0, but Whose amplitude is such that for second and for Bo C X 272-1, Co: -CX 2""1 The adder produces a pulse Dn at the same time and for the same duration as Co but whose am- :i

plitude equals the sum of the amplitudes of Bo and C0. Amplifier I has a gain of two, so that the pulse Eo corresponds to Do in time and duration but is of twice the amplitude of Do. The delayed pulse Fo is of the same amplitude and duration as En, but is delayed in time by i second This delay time of 3 :gli second is so chosen-that the delayed regenerated pulse may be sampled at its midpoint at this being effective to achieve sampling at the midpoint of the regenerated pulses as each of the pulses has a duration of L 2nf.

and are separated by intervals of i second This is done because the leading and trailing edge of the delayed puise Will generally become distorted in its passage through the delay network, and sampling of the pulse midway between its leading and trailing edge most successfully avoids the effects of this distortion. Fo enters the gate at R where its amplitude is sampled by Stug-L second after .A0 was generated. The purpose of sampling and lengthening the regenerated pulses is to eliminate cumulative pulse shape distortion as the pulse is regenerated for 1L times in the circuit. Amplifier II has a gain of so that the pulse G0 at G occurs at the same time and is of the same duration as En, but is of amplitude V or U.

The system described above performs as a single channel coder, that is, each lateral line or 'n dots on the film is a single code-group representing one sample (discrete point on time function) of e. A minor change in the circuits will convert the system to a multi-channel coder, the result being that not only one, but many codegroups can be printed in sequence in a single row. The only change that is required is that the sweep generator produce the recurrent stairstep waveform at a sub-multiple lower rate while maintaining the same step length and thereby providing a multiple higher number of steps per cycle. Call this multiple p, then pxn dots will be printed on one line representing p samples of e.

Figure 5 shows a complete circuit diagram of a single channel code system for film recording involving the component parts illustrated in block diagram in Fig. 2. With reference to the hereinbefore described general principles of operation, let it be assumed than w28 (n being the number of codes chosen to represent a sample of the amplitude of the signal e) and the sampling rate fs:4 104/second and czl.

Constant frequency oscillations of nfs/second or 3.2 /second, such as may be produced in the .output of conventional crystal controlled oscillators and the like, are applied at J to the input of overdriven ampliiier T11, clipping the sinusoidal output of the oscillator to produce square waves. This square wave formed at the output of overdriven amplifier T11 is coupled through a differentiating circuit comprising resistor R1 and condenser C1 to form peaked pulses coincident with the leading edges of the square waveform. The positive differentiated pulses coupled from the differentiating circuit R101 are applied to the input of a' univibrator T12, producing l@ microsecond width pulses which are coupled to coincidence circuits of tubes T13 and T14. The term univibrator is used to designate a triggered square-waved generator of the one-shot cathode coupled multivibrator or similar type, operative to produce a single pulse of a selected duration determined by the values of the circuit com' "Trand T5.

vaccepta input. A

The oscillations at J are also coupled.` to` a 'ninety/'degree phase Shift networky comprising `resistorl' R2 and Icondenser. C2, l whence :the phase :shifted oscillations are coupled-through an am- -plier T13, anduanwoverdrivenamplifier T12-to clip-the sinusoidal lphase Vshifted- `waveform and -Lproduce a squarewave output. The square waves generated in the-output of'theoverdriven ampli- -fler "T19 are applied to cascaded scaling circuits Vvmade: up of-tubes`"-T2o, T211and T22 vand-.isolating cathode followers T25- and T2s,to produceastairstep sweepvoltage in the output Vof amplifier T24 lntercoupledvthrough the cathode follower amplifiers T25 and T26 from the tubes T20, T21 and T22-of the fcascaded scaling-circuits. The stair- 4step-sweep voltage at I-I is to-be applied to the `horizontal -deflection plates .of a conventional Aeltctrostatic cathode ray tube (not shown) to provide` a `horizontallsweep on `the face of the .cathode 'ray tube-having a plurality of discrete faccuratelypositionedlocations horizontally along the face ofthe-tubecorresponding with the -leading edge of each of the stairsteps in the sweep "voltage waveform.

' Pulses M corresponding- -with the leading edge of the lstairstep deflection voltage waveform H areflikewise coupled from the output of tube T22 `-in the `cascaded scaling circuits to a univibrator `T15,triggering the univibratorl to produce pulses of 3 imicroseconds width which are coupled to thecoincidencetube T14 and pulses of 22 microsecondswidth coupled :to the coincidence tube "fl-13. The coincidence tubes T14 and T12 respectively-being intercoupled with switch gating tubes T2 and T1 controlling the'coupling of the regenerated Lpulses R and the signal input S respectively to the system.

It will lbe apparent, therefore. that on absence of the V22 jmicrosecond pulse produced by uni- -vibrator T15 'coincident withthe 1/2 microsecond pulse Aproduced by lunivibrator T12 in the coincidence tube T13, a l microsecond gating pulse is appliedto the sweep tube T1 coupled to the signal input Sto bias the tube T1for 1/2 microsecond to *be-responsive to theinput signal S,producing a 'current in the resistor R3 coupled tothe cathodes `VofT1`a-ndT2 through rectifiers AX'proportional to `the yoltage'amplitude of the input signal after every interval 'cf`25'mi`croseconds In this way, the input signal 'S is sampled through the switch tube T1 vat a rate of 4X104/second.

The pulse voltage across the resistor R3 coupled to thecathodes of the switch tubes T1 and T2, is coupled through an inverter circuit comprising tube T3 and lengthener circuits comprising tubes Pulses N generated in the output of La Aunivibrator T16 triggered by the square wave output of overdriven amplifier T11, are coupled.

to the lengthener tube T and determine the duration of the lengthened pulses.

` The lengthened pulses at Bat the output of the lengthener tube T5 are coupled to the discriminator tube Tathe operation of which was de.

`scribed hereinabove in reference toFigure 2. The discriminator tube T6 is coupled to form a univibrator, so biased that for the condition e l28 volts, aneg'ative pulse is produced, which is coupled at C to the input of tube T1 arranged to-y 'form an adder circuit. The tube T1 is a duotriode having a resistor intercoup'led across the Vtop of l.cathode follower resistors in the cathode circuit of each half ofthe tube T1, the discrimina- "tor output pulse C being intercoupled to one gridy 14 fof tube-T1 andthe 'positive pulserom B being 4coupled tothe othergrid of Tw. The discriminactor T6 is so .biasedandxthe .negative ypulse generated thereby is such that for the condition vB K2"1, or. e l28 volts, `Lthe .pulse iiD at` vthe Acentertap. of the .cathode bridging resistor con- .stituting-the .output .ofthe `adder circuit :of This equal to '2 Y.(B-KQH-l) .and for they I,condition B.K2"-1,.-1D is;equalfzto.;2l3. .Apulseis .likewise coupled at D from one side of the addercircuit at Tf1 through an amplifier T11; .to produce an unblanking pulseG. coupled to.. the econtrolgrid of the cathode yray.` tube to which the kstairstep voltageI-I is applied. The pulse G,;forfthe:;condi .tion B K2"1 is of va fixedamplitude V, V,while `forthe condition BK2"1,ithe amplitudeofithe ypulse G is zero. `The pulse thus produced .at the output D of the addercircuit. at tube T1 isfcoupled through amplifiers Ta .and T9, :the :cathode circuit of T9 having. a vdelay network `L therein operative to delay lthe :pulse vl1 at thecathodeof T94, s seconds the delayed pulse FV being `interccupled to the input of yswitch tube T2 at R.

i .During non-coincidence of the 3 microsecond pulses :coupled vfrom `univibrator T15 and. the 1,1/2

l-rnicrosecond pulses coupled from yunivibrator T12 inthe coincidence tube T14, a 1/2 .microsecond gating pulse .is applied to the switch 'tube.T2,

vbiasing the tube T2 to be Vresponsive to .thendelayed regenerated pulses Rito produce a current v flow through the resistor R3 for v1/2 microsecond proportional. to .the voltage amplitude vof the :regenerated pulses R. These i1/2 microsecond Lating pulses coupled to the switch tube 'IT-210ccur .every 3.13 'microseconds except during the interval when switchutube T1 is-biased to respond ,to lthe input signal YS, the coincidence tube, T13 controlling switch .tube T1 being vdisabled dur- '.ing the :22 microsecond period when the `,pulse from Atube T15 is applied" thereto `to gate .the tube .'I1with`fthe 1/2 microsecond vpulses from T12.

` It will be apparent that `the frequency :and

:number'ofxcodes can be -changed'verysimply for `'optimum Vresults for. ,different types of signals. :Foreexample recordsof speechrequire .lloWerfrel:use of .codes placed `at predetermined positions on the recording medium making their `observation and-detection simple and accurate; furthermore,` the codes .are characterized by either 'being onor orf .at a` predetermined :spot and .theref by .being :unaffected by the :properties vof theI recording medium,` for example, zchanges vof .zdi-

- .'mension koftherecord as :the result ofsshrinkage orschangesin speed of movementlof the record;

furthermore, ythe present code recording system .provides-'maximum economy of record area by usek of substantiallythe entire area of the nlm ortother recording medium and requires lower film speeds and smaller lengths 'of film ufor a given-record; also, `no distortion is'introduced in copies "or 'duplicates -made A'from the codeA record,

'that is to say, small variations in position or density of the dots or codes do not in any way affect the accuracy or the faithfulness of reproduction.

While I have illustrated and described a certain specic embodiment of my invention, it will be apparent that other modifications and changes may be made within the contemplation of my invention and within the scope of the following claims.

What is claimed is:

1. A system of coding a time variant electrical signal, which comprises means including electronic gate means for sampling the signal at recurrent time intervals, means for measuring said sampled signal and producing a train of regenerated pulses constituting a permutation code group corresponding to the amplitude of said sampled signal, means for producing a synchronized stairstep deflection voltage, each step of which is synchronized with said regenerated pulses, and means coupling said regenerated pulse train and said defiection voltage to a cathode ray tube for imaging said pulse train on a cathode ray screen in the form of transversely disposed segments of coded dots.

2. A system of coding and recording a timevariant electrical signal which comprises means for sampling the signal by measuring its amplitude at periodically recurring time intervals, means for regenerating the sampled signal a plurality of times at spaced time intervals for each sampled pulse and in the form of a train of square wave pulses representing a binary code correspending to each sampled amplitude value of the signal, means for lengthening said square wave pulses, means for amplifying said square Wave pulses, means, including an oscillator, pulse generator and sweep generator, for producing a synchronized stairstep deiiection voltage with each step in synchronization with a particular code pulse, a cathode ray tube means coupling said pulses and said deflection voltage to said cathode ray tube for intensity modulating the beam thereof and imaging the coded signal on the screen thereof in parallel transverse linear groups of pulses, and means for periodically recording the signals appearing on the screen of said cathode ray tube.

3. A system of recording recited in the next previous claim wherein said last named means comprises a photographic camera having a light sensitive film strip moving longitudinally at a constant speed for periodically photographing the cathode ray screen image in a manner so that the code pulses appear as dots disposed along parallel lines transversely of the direction of travel of the film extending substantially over the entire area of the nlm.

4. Apparatus for recording a time-variant electrical signal which comprises means for regenerating said signal in the form of a plurality of Y pulses, means sampling said signal and said regenerated pulses at periodically recurring time intervals, means coupled therewith for transforming the sampled pulses into a predetermined number of codes in terms of a binary number A erated pulses and for applying it to horizontal deiiecting electrodes of said cathode ray tube, and means for amplifying said regenerated pulses and applying them to a control grid of said cathode ray tube, thereby imaging a coded signal on the screen of said cathode ray tube in a transverse line of spots.

5. Apparatus recited in the next previous claim together with a photographic camera having a longitudinally moving light-sensitive iilm strip on which is photographed said coded images appearing on said cathode ray screen at a frequency corresponding to the sampling rate of said signal, thereby producing a film strip having printed codes in the form of dots disposed along spaced parallel lines transversely of the nlm and its direction of movement. 6. A method of coding a time variant electrical signal which comprises periodically sampling the signal at a constant rate of frequency, measuring the instantaneous amplitude values ci the signal samples, regenerating the signal sample periodically to produce a train of pulses constituting a permutation code group representing a binary number proportional to the amplitude of the signal sample, and imaging said permutation code groups of pulses in the form of transversely disposed segments of coded dots.

7. A method of coding a time variant electrical signal which comprises periodically sampling the voltage of said signal at a constant repetition rate, measuring the amplitude of each signal sample, regenerating the signal sample a plurality of times atA spaced intervals during the period between each signal sample to produce a train of pulses representing a binary code corresponding to the amplitude value of the signal sample, and imaging the trains oi' pulses in the form of transversely dispose segments of coded dots. i

8. A method of recording a time variant electrical signal which comprises periodically sampling the signal at a constant rate of frequency, measuring the instantaneous amplitude values of the signal samples, regenerating the signal sample periodically to produce a train of pulses constituting a permutation code group representingv a binary number proportional to the amplitude of the signal sample, imaging said permutation code groups of pulses in the form of transversely disposed segments of coded dots, and photographically impressing the imaged pulse code groups on a moving recording medium in discrete segments along parallel axes lying transverse to the direction of movement of the medium at spaced intervals along the direction of movement thereof.

9. A method of recording a time variant electrical signal which comprises periodically sampling the voltage of said signal at a constant repetition rate, measuring the amplitude of each signal sample, regenerating the signal sample a plurality of times at spaced intervals during 'the period between each signal sample to produce a train of pulses representing a binary code corresponding to the amplitude value of the signal sample, means for imaging the trains of pulses in the form of transversely disl posed segments of coded dots, and photographically impressing the imaged pulse code groups on a moving recording medium in discrete segments along parallel axes lying transverse to the direction of movement of the medium at spaced intervals along the direction of movement thereof.

10. A system of coding a time variant electrical signal, which comprises means for sampling the signal at recurrent time intervals,

means for measuring said sample signal and producing a train of regenerated pulses constituting a permutation code group corresponding to the amplitude of said sample signal, and means for imaging said pulse train in the form of transversely disposed segments of coded dots.

11. A system of coding a time variant electrical signal which comprises means for sampling the signal at recurrent time intervals, means for measuring the sampled signal, means for regenerating the sample signal a plurality of times at spaced time intervals for each signal sample to produce a train of pulses, means for transforming the train of pulses for each signal sample into a coded pulse group representing a binary number proportional to the amplitude of the signal sample, and means for imaging said pulse code groups in the form of transversely disposed segments of coded dots.

12. A system of recording a time variant electrical signal, which comprises means for sampling the signal at recurrent time intervals, means for measuring said sampled signal and producing a train of regenerated pulses constituting a permutation code group corresponding to the amplitude of said sample signal, means for imaging said pulse train in the form of transversely disposed segments of coded dots, and means for photographically impressing the imaged pulse code groups on a moving recording medium in discrete segments along parallel axes lying transverse to the direction of movement of the medium at spaced intervals along the direction of movement thereof.

13. A system of recording a time variant electrical signal which comprises means for sampling the signal at recurrent time intervals,

means for measuring the sampled signal, means for regenerating the sampled signal a plurality of times at spaced time intervals for each signal sample to produce a train of pulses, means for transforming the train of pulses for each signal sample into a coded pulse group representing a binary number proportional to the amplitude of the signal sample, means for imaging said pulse code groups in the form of transversely disposed segments of coded dots, and means for photographically impressing the imaged pulse code groups on a moving recording medium in discrete segments along parallel axes lying transverse to the direction of movement of the medium at spaced intervals along the direction of movement thereof.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,186,268 Pakala Jan. 9, 1940 2,275,017 McNaney Mar. 3, 1942 2,367,042 Nieswinter Jan. 9, 1945 2,451,044 Pierce Oct. 12, 1948 2,453,454 Norwine Nov. 9, 1948 2,474,266 Lyons June 28, 1949 2,477,848 Broek et al. Aug. 2, 1949 2,489,253 Andre Nov. 29, 1949 2,510,121 Lehmann et al. June 6, 1950 2,518,022 Keister Aug. 8, 1950 2,531,600 Barney et al. Nov. 2S, 1950 2,596,741 Tyler et al. May 13, 1952 OTHER REFERENCES Visual Presentation of Binary Numbers (Electronic Engr., vol. 33, Mr. 278, Apr., 1951). 

